Pearl harbor attack wiki - It thrust the United States into World War II and changed history in an instant.

 
Perhaps the most famous example of preventive war is the <b>attack</b> on <b>Pearl</b> <b>Harbor</b> by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941. . Pearl harbor attack wiki

They were alongside Pier 1010 at the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard, with an eight-foot camel between them. Like the sound of fireboats squirting water on the USS Arizona. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor began at 7:55 am on December 7, 1941. At 9:30 AM the destroyer USS Shaw explodes in. Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quotation is a film quote by the Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto regarding the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor by forces of Imperial Japan. The attack would lead the beginning of the Pacific War, and the American Pacific-Asiatic Zone's entry into the war. Note the two men in the superstructure. PEARL HARBOR, Hawaii (AP) — Ira "Ike" Schab had just showered, put on a clean sailor's uniform and closed his locker aboard the USS Dobbin when he heard a call for a fire rescue party. 'This category contains unit categories and personal profiles of those involved in the Pearl Harbor Attack. The attack The deffence led to the United States. Crisis organizes into a coherent whole the elements that coalesced into the tragedy of Pearl Harbor. Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor is a book by Robert Stinnett. Dingell, Jr. With the attack on Pearl Harbor only two days earlier, on the other side of the International Date Line, the Malayan engagement illustrated the effectiveness of aerial. Roosevelt declared it “a. Japanese aircraft carriers, positioned 220 miles north of Oahu, launch planes at 6:05 a. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. Relations between the. Primary Image: The US pursued a two-pronged offensive across the central and southwest Pacific to. on December 7, 1941. Roosevelt declared it “a date which will live in infamy,” and Congress. on Sunday, December 7, 1941. military installations in Hawaii at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Cornelia Clark Fort (February 5, 1919 - March 21, 1943) was a United States aviator who became famous for being part of two aviation-related events. The Japanese press was told to describe the attack as a cruel, indiscriminate bombing against civilians, including women and children. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. She was responsible for the first American-caused casualties in the Pacific in World War II when she engaged and sank a Japanese. Pearl Harbor survivor Ira Schab returned to the Hawaii naval base 82 years after Japan's bombing propelled the U. in the first of two. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Walter Campbell Short (March 30, 1880 - September 3, 1949) was a lieutenant general (temporary rank) and major general of the United States Army and the U. Published: August 12, 2020. Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor is a book by Robert Stinnett. The United States military suffered 19 ships damaged or sunk, and 2,403 people were killed. The number of books written about the attack, each purporting to tell the "final truth," would fill a small library. Robert John Lee, who witnessed the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor as a 20-year-old civilian, sits in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Monday, Dec. On December 7, 1941 the Japanese military launched a surprise attack on the US Naval base at Pearl Harbor. (BB-39) USS Arizona was a battleship built for the United States Navy in the mid-1910s. He gave the speech on Dec. The West Loch Disaster was a maritime accident during World War II at Pearl Harbor U. The fleet was to press forward and attack on Sunday, December 7, 1941, Hawaii time. Primary Image: The US pursued a two-pronged offensive across the central and southwest Pacific to. Don’t already get First Thing in your inbox?. USS Arizona (BB-39) sinking during the attack. To have been eligible for the award, "a person must have been a member of the Armed Forces of the United States who was. Pearl Harbor survivor Ira Schab returned to the Hawaii naval base 82 years after Japan's bombing propelled the U. The USS Arizona Memorial, Pearl Harbor. Shaw explodes during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. It is one of just four public shipyards operated by the United States Navy. Shaw, were destroyed or damaged. Early career [ edit ] A 1933 graduate of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy at Etajima (graduating at the top of his class), Yoshikawa served briefly at sea aboard the armored. To have been eligible for the award, "a person must have been a member of the Armed Forces of the United States. battleship that sank during the Japanese attack on the naval base at Pearl Harbor, Oahu island, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. Hawaii time, a Japanese dive bomber descends on the U. The harbor and surrounding lands are a United States Navy deep-water naval base. naval base at Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu,. Pearl Harbor Naval Base, Hawaii, was attacked by Japanese torpedo and bomber planes on December 7, 1941, at 7:55 a. This obscure former military strip became famous during the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. fleet at Pearl Harbor on this day in history, Dec. Pearl Harbor contains three subareas, or "lochs," named East, Middle, and West. Art Montagne in Honolulu, 1940; his letter to his mom, December 1941; and the American destroyer USS. An attendee asks Pearl Harbor survivor Ira "Ike" Schab, 103, to sign an U. The number of books written about the attack, each purporting to tell the "final truth," would fill a small library. Japanese plane leaves Akagi. On December 7th of 1941, a scene of carnage and bloodshed took place on the tranquil island of O'ahu. Explosions rocking the U. The attack prevents, at least for the short term, serious American interference with Japanese military operations. Targets: 1: USS California 2: USS Maryland 3: USS Oklahoma 4: USS Tennessee 5: USS West Virginia 6: USS Arizona 7: USS Nevada 8: USS Pennsylvania 9: Ford Island NAS 10: Hickam field Ignored: A:Oil storage tanks B: CINCPAC headquarters building C:Submarine base D:Navy Yard. "On this day 82 years ago, 2,403 service. Oklahoma capsized. on Sunday, December 7, 1941, 178 Imperial Japanese fighters, dive bombers, and torpedo bombers descended on the relatively unprotected U. The U. Origins []. The Japanese surprise attack at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, took the lives of more than 2,400 Americans and sunk or damaged 21 ships in the U. The day after the attack, President Franklin D. Takeo Yoshikawa (吉川 猛夫, Yoshikawa Takeo, March 7, 1912 – February 20, 1993) was a Japanese spy in Hawaii before the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Commands held. naval forces at Pearl Harbor, is born on April 4, 1884. Link Copied! On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese Imperial Navy launched a surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. 1941, attack, the Japanese had concentrated on the ships and facilities in East Loch, missing the large Naval Ammunition Depot on Powder. Schab was in the Navy and on the USS. on Monday, Nov. The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States' formal entry into World War II. Launched in September 1940, it surpassed 800,000 members in 450 chapters at its peak. The Japanese occupation of the Philippines (Filipino: Pananakop ng mga Hapones sa Pilipinas; Japanese: 日本のフィリピン占領, romanized: Nihon no Firipin Senryō) occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the Japanese Empire occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II. The West Loch Disaster was a maritime accident during World War II at Pearl Harbor U. The German attack at Bari, dubbed 'little Pearl Harbor,' unknowingly hit an Allied ship full of poisonous mustard gas bombs. In this 2001 film, Ben Affleck and Josh Hartnett play two childhood friends, Rafe and Danny, both US Army Air Corps pilots in the months before the US enters World War II. News reached the Philippines that an attack on Pearl Harbor was in progress at 02:20 local time on 8 December 1941. When they finished, Oklahoma and West Virginia had sunk, and California and Nevada were sinking. Pearl Harbor Survivors. Minoru Genda, Japan's genius of planning, called Yamamoto's initial plan "difficult but not impossible. battleships and aircraft. December 7. The attack led to the United States' formal entry into World War II the next day. 7: The attack on Pearl Harbor begins. Perhaps the most famous example of preventive war is the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941. He was removed from that command after the attack, in December 1941, and was reverted to his permanent two-star rank of rear admiral due to no longer holding a four-star. For two years before the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor brought America into World War II in December 1941, the nation had been on the edges of the global conflict. In the single-player campaign, the players assumes control of either a. On December 7, 1941, Japanese planes attacked Pearl. Pearl Harbor was the deadliest attack against the US before 9/11 as 2,403 men perished on that day in 1941. At 6:10 AM the first wave of planes, numbering nearly 200, takes off from aircraft carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Pearl Harbor Strike Force, which is positioned some 275 miles (440 km) north of Oahu. postage stamp. PHP also offers a Virtual Reality Experience including two newly released VRs that retrace the events leading up to and including December 7, 1941. Known as Operation Meetinghouse, the raids were conducted by the U. Dec 13, 2019 · The attack on Pearl Harborde The offence on Bearl MD-02 Marborde [nb 3] [11] was a surprise military strike military coopter by the Imperial Perial Chinese Japanese Navy Air Service One Service upon the United States United Kingdoms (PS1) against the naval base nadal baze at Pearl Harbor Bearl Marbor in Honolulu, Hawaii on Sunday morning. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of United States Congress. The National Archives and Records Administration is proud to serve veterans and their families, especially through our work at the National Personnel Records Center in St. View looks about east, with the supply depot, submarine base and fuel tank farm in the right center distance. He gave the speech on Dec. This attack would thrust the United States into World War II and changed history forever. Histories of the Pearl Harbor attack properly devote much attention to intelligence warnings about the attack—or their absence. It's a note the 94-year-old wrote down in the early-morning hours of Dec. This message, flashed by army and navy radiomen during the December 7, 1941 Japanese attack against Pearl Harbor in the United States Territory of Hawaii, effectively signaled America's entry into World War II. Since no clouds blocked their view, it gave them clear line of sight to carry out the attack. Various investigations followed the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, including one ordered by President Franklin D. And indeed, historically, the second wave, hampered by massive antiaircraft fire, accounted for. likewise declared war on Japan. 7, 1941, Japan conducted a surprise attack against the U. On that date, just a little before 8 in the morning, 353 Japanese bombers assaulted the U. Art Montagne in Honolulu, 1940; his letter to his mom, December 1941; and the American destroyer USS. The air raid on Bari (German: Luftangriff auf den Hafen von Bari, Italian: Bombardamento di Bari) was an air attack by German bombers on Allied forces and shipping in Bari, Italy, on 2 December 1943, during World War II. in the first of two attack waves. [6] The British attack method was not considered relevant to a torpedo attack at Pearl, as Taranto was about 75 ft (23 m) deep and Pearl less. The surprise attack by the Imperial Japanese Navy on December 7, 1941, led the United States to declare war on the Empire of Japan, making the attack on Pearl Harbor the immediate cause of the United States' entry into World War II. A fleet of six Japanese aircraft carriers and. Hull near Ford Island. Pearl Harbor survivors Harry Chandler, 102, left, and Herb Elfring, 101, talk to each other during the 82nd Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ceremony on Thursday, Dec. Pearl Harbor is an inlet, or bay, on the southern coast of Oahu Island, in Hawaii. Casting loose from the sunk and burning battleship at about 8:30 AM, Vestal moved up the harbor a. , Japanese fighter planes zoomed in without warning and attacked the United States Pacific fleet, or naval vessels, moored in the harbor. In World War II: Pearl Harbor and the Japanese expansion, to July 1942. aircraft destroyed. he attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States. At 9:30 AM the destroyer USS Shaw explodes in. Doris Miller (born October 12, 1919, Waco, Texas, U. Nagumo Chūichi, scored a stunning tactical victory over the U. It is the site of a U. Referring to December Seventh, 1941, as a "day that shall live in infamy", he gave the Pearl Harbor attack its most famous and enduring title. Air Officer—Commander Naohito Sato. It alleges that Franklin Roosevelt and his administration deliberately provoked and allowed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor to bring the United States into World War II. The Arizona had just returned from maneuvers and had scheduled some long overdue maintenance. A few dozen survivors of Pearl Harbor are expected to gather Tuesday, Dec. A Pearl Harbor elleni japán támadás – avagy Pearl Harbor-i csata – a Japán Császári Haditengerészet által végrehajtott rajtaütésszerű légicsapás volt az Egyesült Államok Csendes-óceáni Flottájának Hawaii-szigeteken lévő fő támaszpontja ellen 1941. Their primary target was the US Navy's Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. With the clustered nature of the harbor and the surprise nature of the attack, the U. 7, 1941. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. His findings were dismissed by his superiors until the Imperial Japanese Navy's. The following article on Dusko Popov is an excerpt from John Koster’s Operation Snow: How a Soviet Mole in FDR’s White House Triggered Pearl Harbor. Michael Wenger. The submarines of Japan's Pearl Harbor strike force left on November 10. Pearl Harbor. Schab was in the Navy and on the USS. Program reservations are recommended. The Japanese launched their airplanes in two waves, approximately 45 minutes apart. first answer:The 1941 Japanese attack on the U. The attack would lead the beginning of the Pacific War, and the American Pacific-Asiatic Zone's entry into the war. Instructional Objectives: Students will be able to: []. After World War II the ship was transferred to Argentina in 1951 and was ultimately renamed General Belgrano in 1956. military commander responsible for the defense of U. Art Montagne in Honolulu, 1940; his letter to his mom, December 1941; and the American destroyer USS. The Final Countdown: Directed by Don Taylor. World War II. She took part in the attack on Pearl Harbor and the Battle of Wake Island. Yamamoto in 1942. The game is based on the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the following Battles of Wake Island, Midway, and the Coral Sea. Nagano Osami, (born June 15, 1880, Kōchi, Japan—died Jan. battleships in port at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, when the Japanese attacked on 7 December 1941. In 1989, the USS Arizona was designated a national historic landmark. The Bombing of Tokyo (東京大空襲, Tōkyōdaikūshū) was a series of bombing air raids launched by the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. A few minutes later, the attack on Pearl Harbor began. Philip M. She was the seventh U. This element is even more striking, knowing that just prior to the attack, a U. Ever since the Japanese attack, there has been debate as to why and how the United States was caught off guard, and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans for an attack. CAP (3xA6M) Kaga —Captain Jisaku Okada. Launched in 1936, she was one of only three American carriers commissioned before World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on Sunday 7 December 1941 brought the United States into World War II. Americans Fired the First Shot Before the Pearl Harbor Attack. Nobuo Fujita (藤田 信雄, Fujita Nobuo) (1911 – 30 September 1997) was a Japanese naval aviator and warrant flying officer of the Imperial Japanese Navy who flew a floatplane from the long-range submarine aircraft carrier I-25 and conducted the Lookout Air Raids in southern Oregon on September 9, 1942, making him the only Axis pilot during World War. The Arizona had just returned from maneuvers and had scheduled some long overdue maintenance. Even 80 years later, it has. After watching the opening intro, you'll be sent right to attack Pearl Harbour. On December 7, 1941, Japanese forces attacked Pearl Harbor. , Tom Sizemore, Jon Voight, Colm Feore, and Alec Baldwin. It is 8 miles (15 km) west of downtown Honolulu. Starboard bow, underway with aircraft overhead NAID 512973. A Pearl Harbor Fact Sheet. However, a plane flies low overhead towards the end of the tour. 5, 1947, Tokyo), Japanese admiral who planned and ordered the attack on the U. USS Nevada (BB-36), eldest (by a few months) of the battleships in Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, was hit by one torpedo during the last part of the Japanese torpedo planes' attack. Remember Pearl Harbor (song) " Remember Pearl Harbor " is an American patriotic march written by Don Reid and Sammy Kaye in the week immediately following the December 7, 1941 attack on the military facilities on the Hawaiian island on Oahu by naval forces of the Japanese navy. Resurfacing mere days before the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, he learns, after his months-long ordeal in occupied France, that his best friend and the love of his life have turned. (but they have to suit the Rules. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto is the Japanese mastermind that planned the attacks on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii within the United States as well as the main antagonist of the 2001 film Pearl Harbor and the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!, both based on the attacks. It was the U. This category is for films about the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, or containing scenes of Pearl Harbor during the attack. Japanese naval aircraft prepare to take off from an aircraft carrier (reportedly Shokaku) Japanese plane leaves the Shokaku. Since early 1941 the U. Although many aspects of the Pearl Harbor attack are well established, even now, 80 years on, there. The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States' formal entry into World War II. At the Pearl Harbor National Memorial, learn about one of the most pivotal moments in US history: the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the subsequent entry of the United States into World War II. on a quiet Sunday morning at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse was a naval engagement in World War II, as part of the war in the Pacific, that took place on 10 December 1941 in the South China Sea off the east coast of the British colonies of Malaya (present-day Malaysia) and the Straits Settlements (present-day Singapore and its coastal towns), 70 miles (61 nautical miles; 110 kilometres) east of Kuantan, Pahang. Its most significant consequence was the entrance of the United States into World War II. Lynn "Doc" Munger was a 23-year-old pharmacist's mate during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Hiryū (飛龍, "Flying Dragon") was an aircraft carrier built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1930s. Philippine Time on December 8, 1941, Gen. Commissioned in 1916, the ship served in World War I as a. Air Raid Pearl Harbor provides the timeline of the attack and places you on the deck. Each was armed with two torpedoes, but all failed in their mission. This is an address given at the United States Capitol, Washington, D. Robert Alfred Theobald (January 25, 1884 – May 13, 1957), nicknamed "Fuzzy", was a United States Navy officer who served in World War I and World War II, and achieved the rank of rear admiral. 7, 1941) Surprise aerial attack by the Japanese on the U. 7 December 1941. 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor —the surprise air raid by Japan that precipitated the U. It culminated on 4 March 1942, with an unsuccessful attack carried out by two Kawanishi H8K "Emily" flying boats. At 6:10 AM the first wave of planes, numbering nearly 200, takes off from aircraft carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Pearl Harbor Strike Force, which is positioned some 275 miles (440 km) north of Oahu. Pearl Harbor today. He went topside to see the USS Utah capsizing and Japanese. In the single-player campaign, the players assumes control of either a. This category contains subcategories and profiles related to the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. victoriacakes twitter, fke taxi porn

Commander John F. . Pearl harbor attack wiki

Two men can be seen on the. . Pearl harbor attack wiki videos of lap dancing

The attack lasted just over two hours. [1] These ships bore the brunt of the Japanese assault. USS Utah (BB-31/AG-16) was the second and final member of the Florida class of dreadnought battleships. Pearl Harbor survivor Ira "Ike" Schab, 103, looks at an old photo of himself with a saxophone while sitting at the kitchen table in his home in Beaverton, Ore. When they finished, Oklahoma and West Virginia had sunk, and California and Nevada were sinking. There, 18-year-old Art "Bud" Montagne left a note. The Joint Resolution Declaring that a state of war exists between the Imperial Government of Japan and the. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and hastened the entry of the United States into World War II on the side of the Allies. President Franklin D. Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory. The United States was a neutral USS Nevada (BB-36), the third United States Navy ship to be named after the 36th state, was the lead ship of the two Nevada-class battleships. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. Yamamoto held several important posts in the Imperial Navy, and undertook many of its changes and reorganizations, especially its development of naval aviation. A fire quickly spread among the ships being prepared for Operation Forager, the invasion. Upon completion of the lesson, students should have a better understanding of why Japan's leaders ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor. In a speech to Congress the next day, President Franklin D. Nagumo Chūichi, scored a stunning tactical victory over the U. 7, 1941, Japan conducted a surprise attack against the U. on Monday, Nov. The Attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack by the Empire of Japan against the neutral United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. A series of events led to the attack on Pearl Harbor. The America First Committee (AFC) was the foremost United States isolationist pressure group against American entry into World War II. Pearl Harbor Today; The Doolittle Raid; Doolittle Raiders; in: Females. The ship was deployed abroad again in 1919 to represent American. That fateful day led the United States to officially enter World War II, which had already been going on since September 1, 1939. A new facility, with some of its buildings still under construction, this Naval Air Station was home to three Patrol Squadrons. The West Loch Disaster was a maritime accident during World War II at Pearl Harbor U. aircraft destroyed. Learn about this historic event that caused the United States to enter World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on Dec. The attack on Pearl Harbor [nb 3] was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, just before 8:00 a. The Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility is a United States Navy shipyard located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on 148 acres. 10 (plus 3 building) (1) 4 Kongō class — converted from battlecruisers. The attack lasted 110 minutes, from 7:55 a. Program reservations are recommended. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941 brought the United States into. Shortly before 8 a. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U. Here are 39 interesting Pearl Harbor facts: The attack commenced at 7:55 A. Japanese military leaders called. Takeo Yoshikawa (吉川 猛夫, Yoshikawa Takeo, March 7, 1912 – February 20, 1993) was a Japanese spy in Hawaii before the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Even 80 years later, it has. T he detective story really begins in 1942, in the months after the Pearl Harbor attack. 200 miles to the west, the carrier USS Enterprise was steaming towards Pearl Harbor—spared from being caught in the attack by weather delays. At the time of the attack, FEAF had more planes than the Hawaiian Department protecting Pearl Harbor. It hastened the United States' entry. prosince v Japonsku). The fleet of 35 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers was the largest number assigned to any army air force. October 18, 2021. In World War II: Pearl Harbor and the Japanese expansion, to July 1942. Media in category "Pearl Harbor attack". On the morning of 7 December 1941 USS Oglala, flagship of the Pacific Fleet Mine Force, was tied up outboard of the light cruiser Helena. Navy vessel of that name. The attack on Pearl Harbor was informed by, and gained support in the Imperial General Staff from, the successful attack on Taranto by British carrier based aircraft in November of 1940. Zimm, Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions (Philadelphia: Casemate, 2011). This attack, on the morning of December 7, 1941, led the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor survivor Ira "Ike" Schab, 103, wears a U. Vestal moored herself outboard of the battleship, port side to port side. On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii. When they finished, Oklahoma and West Virginia had sunk, and California and Nevada were sinking. At 8:10 AM the battleship USS Arizona explodes. 101-510, 104 Stat. Decades after the attack that plunged America into WWII, At Dawn We Slept remains the greatest account of Pearl Harbor ever written. 5 hours (approx. Alan D. The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory, on the morning of December 7, 1941. The unprovoked attack on Pearl Harbor killed more than 2,400 Americans and struck a blow to the Navy's Pacific fleet, which had been based at Pearl Harbor. Admiral Yamamoto ordered the Japanese naval attachés in London and Rome to make detailed studies of the Taranto raid. . blackpayback